Hepatitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by viral infections. It often develops without obvious symptoms, earning its reputation as a “silent killer”. If left untreated, hepatitis can lead to long-term liver damage, cirrhosis, liver failure, or even liver cancer. Understanding the different types of hepatitis, how they affect liver health, and the available options for prevention and treatment is essential for maintaining long-term health.
If you have concerns about liver health or hepatitis, it’s important to visit gastroenterologists like Dr Fernandes Mark Lee for accurate testing and guidance.
The Main Types of Hepatitis
There are five primary types of viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E. Each is caused by a different virus and varies in terms of transmission, severity, and treatment.
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Hepatitis A is typically spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with someone who has the virus. It does not lead to chronic liver disease, and most people recover fully without long-term effects. However, it can cause serious illness in older adults or people with pre-existing liver conditions.
- Transmission: Fecal-oral route (poor hygiene, contaminated food or water)
- Prevention: Vaccination, good hand hygiene, safe food practices
- Treatment: No specific treatment – supportive care until recovery
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Hepatitis B is a bloodborne virus and can become a chronic infection, especially if contracted at birth or in early childhood. Chronic HBV can cause liver cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer over time.
- Transmission: Blood, sexual contact, or from mother to child during birth
- Prevention: Vaccination, safe sex practices, screening during pregnancy
- Treatment: Antiviral medications for chronic infection
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Hepatitis C is also transmitted through blood and often leads to chronic liver disease. Unlike hepatitis B, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, making early diagnosis and treatment vital. Chronic HCV is a leading cause of liver transplants in many countries.
- Transmission: Blood-to-blood contact (sharing needles, unsafe medical practices)
- Prevention: Avoid sharing needles, ensure medical equipment is sterile
- Treatment: Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) medications can cure most cases
Hepatitis D (HDV)
Hepatitis D only occurs in people already infected with hepatitis B. It can worsen the severity of hepatitis B and increase the risk of liver complications. Prevention involves preventing hepatitis B infection in the first place.
- Transmission: Blood and bodily fluids
- Prevention: HBV vaccination (prevents HDV coinfection)
- Treatment: Limited options, but managing HBV is essential
Hepatitis E (HEV)
Hepatitis E is usually spread through contaminated water, particularly in areas with poor sanitation. It is generally self-limiting but can be dangerous during pregnancy or in people with weakened immune systems.
- Transmission: Fecal-oral route
- Prevention: Clean drinking water, proper sanitation, food safety
- Treatment: Usually resolves on its own; supportive care recommended
The Impact on Liver Health
All forms of viral hepatitis inflame the liver, which can impair its ability to function. While hepatitis A and E are short-term illnesses, hepatitis B, C, and D can become chronic, leading to progressive liver damage. If left untreated, chronic hepatitis can cause cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, and increase the risk of developing liver cancer.
Vaccination and Prevention Strategies
Vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B, and by extension help prevent hepatitis D. These vaccines are highly effective and are part of routine immunisation schedules in many countries. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines for hepatitis C or E (with limited access to an HEV vaccine in some regions), making awareness, screening, and safe practices critical.
Preventive strategies include:
- Safe food and water consumption
- Practising safe sex
- Avoiding sharing personal items like razors or needles
- Ensuring blood products and medical equipment are safe
- Routine vaccination where applicable
When to See a Specialist
Because hepatitis often shows few early symptoms, many people are unaware they are infected until liver damage is already advanced. Regular screenings and early diagnosis are vital. If you suspect exposure to hepatitis or have risk factors, it’s important to visit gastroenterologists like Dr Fernandes Mark Lee for proper testing and follow-up care.
